Barley yellow dwarf symptoms and control
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Barely yellow dwarf had been reported in multiple regions of Kansas this spring. Reick DeWolf, Kansas State Extension was in many fields in Marion County with significant yellowing from what he suspects is barley yellow dwarf. Other fields in central and south central Kansas also appear to have low levels of the disease. Historically, barley yellow dwarf is most common in eastern and central Kansas. It can occur anywhere in Kansas, however.
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Erick DeWolf, K-State Research and ExtensionYellow or purple leaf tips caused by barley yellow dwarf. Symptoms
The primary symptoms of barley yellow dwarf are stunting and yellow or red discoloration of the leaf tips. The disease can be uniformly distributed in fields, but it is most commonly found in patches that are 1 to 5 feet in diameter. Stunting is typically most severe near the center of a patch. The color of the symptoms depends on the variety. In most cases, the discoloration of the leaf tips increases over time until eventually the entire leaf is discolored. The midrib of the leaf often remains green longer than the edges of the leaf.
Typically, there is no mosaic pattern on the leaf, but sometimes there is some striping at the border between the discolored leaf tip and the green leaf base. In addition, leaves affected with barley yellow dwarf often have small black spots or streaks randomly spaced over the discolored portion of the leaf tip. These are presumably opportunistic infections by bacteria.
Barley yellow dwarf often occurs in 1- to 5-foot diameter patches. Infection by barley yellow dwarf is often associated with the occurrence of dark heads with shriveled grain. These occur in small patches similar to barley yellow dwarf patches. It has not been conclusively proven, but it is suspected that barley yellow dwarf causes the dark heads.
Barley yellow dwarf can be confused with other production problems such as wheat streak mosaic or nutrient deficiency. Accurate serological tests for barley yellow dwarf virus are available from the Plant Diagnostic Lab at Kansas State University.
Losses
The amount of yield loss depends on the percentage of plants showing symptoms. Casual observation often overestimates the percentage of infected plants. Collecting random samples while moving through a field in a systematic way will give a more accurate estimate of the incidence of infected plants.
The timing of the infection relative to crop development also influences the potential yield loss associated with barley yellow dwarf. When infection takes place in the fall, the virus has more time to disrupt plant growth and losses can exceed 35 percent. If plants are infected after heading; however, the risk of severe yield loss is reduced.
Control
By the time symptoms are visible, there is no way to control barley yellow dwarf. Plants showing symptoms were likely infected weeks or months ago. Producers should start planning a control strategy before planting.
The control of barley yellow dwarf is closely linked to control of the aphids that introduce the virus into the plants. One of the primary means of controlling barley yellow dwarf is to avoid early planting, which often increases the likelihood that aphids will infest a field in the fall. Planting after the Hessian fly-free date reduces the risk of aphid infestation and minimizes the risk of barley yellow dwarf infection. The Hessian fly-free date works well against barley yellow dwarf unless there is a mild fall that allows aphids to survive longer than usual. The aphids that survive these mild conditions can spread the disease and increase the potential for severe yield losses.
Ratings of wheat varieties can be found in Wheat Variety Disease and Insect Ratings, MF-991. No wheat varieties have high levels of resistance to barley yellow dwarf, but some are more tolerant than others. Under severe barley yellow dwarf pressure, a moderately resistant variety (rating 4 or 5) might have a loss around 15 percent while a susceptible variety (rating 8 or 9) could have more than a 30 percent loss.
Chemical control of the aphid vectors can suppress barley yellow dwarf. Unfortunately, spraying insecticides for aphid control has not proved practical. First, multiple applications would be required to achieve satisfactory control. Second, it is not possible to wait for obvious aphid populations before spraying because by the time they are detected, significant virus transmission would already have occurred. Therefore, applications would have to be made on a preventive schedule. Given the unpredictable nature of aphids and barley yellow dwarf epidemics, it is not economical to make several preventive sprays in the fall and early spring.
Seed treatments containing the systemic insecticides (e.g., Gaucho XT, CruiserMaxx Cereals) are labeled for aphid control. These products have shown fair to good suppression of barley yellow dwarf in university trials. The variability in effectiveness is probably due to the timing of aphid infestation. If aphids arrive after the 6- to 8-week period of protection provided by the chemical, then the insecticide will have minimal effect.
Note: This article is based on K-State Plant Pathology’s Fact Sheet “Barley Yellow Dwarf,” at: http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/library/plant2/ep165.pdf
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